AIDS in Africa :: Research Papers Term Papers

AIDS in Africa I. IntroductionIn 1983, the first report indicating that ladened Africans were seeking medical treatment for AIDS in Europe, was published in a medical journal. What the homo did not know at that time, was that AIDS had been bedspread rapidly through parts of central Africa for years. Furthermore, no one ever imagined that, by the end of the year 1997, an estimated 30.6 million persons in the world would be infect with HIV, the virus causing AIDS, with the majority of these people living in Africa (Feldman and Miller 14). The prospect of AIDS being responsible for over two million funerals in the year 1998 alone, was also something that no one had ever thought possible. However, the reality is that the HIV/AIDS situation in Africa has blown out of control, and the current pestiferous as it exists there is far greater and more widespread than that of the rest of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa, which is the region of Africa hit hardest by the epidemic, is home to only one-tenth of the worlds population, yet reportedly accounts for 71 percent of the infected population, 79 percent of cumulative AIDS related deaths and 92 percent of the worlds AIDS orphans. At the end of 1999, 24.5 million adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Also taking a toll, is the life expectancy tramp of Africans, which has dropped from sixty-one to thirty-nine years in the past decade, and is estimated to shrink to thirty-one years by 2008 due to the AIDS epidemic. Although AIDS is just one of the problems in short facing Africa, it is a major concern that needs to be addressed, before entire cultures are wiped out. AIDS has already claimed more lives than the total of all wars, famines, floods and much(prenominal) deadly diseases as malaria on the African continent (Laino). Attempts to eliminate or at least alleviate AIDS in Africa, though, have not been tardily or rather successful. For a variety of reasons, due mainly to th e cultural and economic aspects of Africa, AIDS itself, and thus the treatment and prevention of it, on this continent is distinguishable from the situation in the US, or most other developing countries for that matter. Evidence of this can best be seen through the inability of the rest of the world to attend deal with the problem of AIDS in Africa (as it is clear that a country as poor as Africa can not survive this fight on their own) which has allowed the problem to spiral out of control.

Girl interrupted Essay -- essays research papers fc

Rory Boyan Writing 104/19/02Considering all the treatment methods used at Mclean Hospital, harsh physical treatments were rarely productive. Methods much(prenominal) as seclusion, ice-baths, Electro-shock therapy, and even the Hospitals atmosphere itself prat make one wonder how anyone came out of in that respect better than they went in. It seems odd that people teetering on the edge of sanity were subjected to such horrible treatments. Although such treatments sometimes worked, it in no way outweighs the horrible side effects that usually happen.One of these treatments is seclusion. It is as simple as it sounds and the side effects were not. Not only are the patients totally alone for however many mean solar days the guards wanted, but they are stripped of basically everything they welcome except clothing. It is more of a punishment than a treatment. If a patient acts out in any way or ran past for a day or two, off to seclusion they would go. When taking mentally unstable patients and rearting them in solitary confinement all they can do is sit there and think crazy thoughts so when they come out they were usually kick the bucket care zombies. One of the worst things we watched, though, was Lisa coming out of seclusion two days later. (Page 21). How can that help anyone?Another type of treatment used is wrapping a patient in freezing cold sheets. It is possible, by a far elongate of the imagination, this could be used to calm down patients. If hypothermia is what made people sane, this should do the trick. The last thing about this is that, when the body gets cold, the immune system get weaker. It seems like they wanted patients to get physically sick too maybe the nurses get commission on medication.The worst treatment used is electro shock therapy, also cognise as ECT. This is when one is shocked by strong amounts of electricity, repeatedly, for however long the doctors decided to keep the patients there. There are a few incidences when ECT r eal worked and completely cured a patient, but these were few and far between the truth of the treatment is much worse. In fact... ...er. After all the hel, these people were put through freedom seemed all the much better. It seems that after being there, anything is better than hospital life. Think of it this way, starve a man half to death, feed him nought but bread and water, then give him a Ritz cracker. That will be the best cracker that man has ever eaten. On the opposite end of the spectrum you give a person Ritz Crackers everyday for the rest of his life, and he will despise them. The Hospital did not treat people as much as it did make them appreciate the society they were locked off from. This is why hospitals like this can thrive the only treatment they have is appreciation for the life they take away from a patient.WORKS CITED PAGEQuote 1- Page 21-FREEDOM- Girl, InterruptedQuote 2- Page 80-SECURITY SCREEN-Girl, InterruptedQuote 3 Page 54-CHECKS-Girl, InterruptedGirl, I nterrupted- By Susanna Kaysen copyright 1993 Originally published by Turtle Bay Books, A Division of Random House, INC, NY 1993Web Pages. www.antipsychiatry.org Article on------- Psychiatrys Electro-convulsive Shock treatmentA Crime Against human race ---Lawrence Stevens, J.D

What the High School Educator Must Know :: Discourse Community Education Essays

What the High School Educator Must KnowConsider all that a high school educator must turn in (or at least attempt to know). The truly good ones--the ones who motivate us, instill a love for learning, and ultimately change our lives for the better--know a great deal (salaries and worldly concern perception notwithstanding). They know their subject matter, they know and understand human motivation, they ar aware of the power of interpersonal relations and how to use that familiarity to gain the or so benefit from the least potential, they understand the po wer of their own rhetoric (even if they dont consider rhetorical studies an important aspect of their academic lives), and most importantly, they know how to share this knowledge with others. High school educators today (the good ones) are mentors, frie nds, counselors, coaches, researchers, sources, role models, disciplinarians, crisis managers, and on and on. With all that our really good high school educators know and do, it might look absurd for me (a high school educator) to suggest that we need to dig in and truly understand yet another aspect of our students lives, and yes, even our own. But I am suggesting just that. If we dont understand the powerful impact discourse communities have on what we do, how we do it, and what were trying to ach ieve, we are shortchanging ourselves, and more importantly, we are shortchanging our students. Just what is a discourse community though? And why are so many in the field of rhetoric bandying about this term? This social framework modulate textual production (Porter 38) goes by many names its what Stanley Fish calls the interpretive co mmunity, what Michel Foucault calls the discursive formation, and what Patricia Bizzell calls the discourse community (38). James Porter of Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, however, seems to have generated the clearest definition of a discourse community. A discourse community is a group of individuals bound b y a common provoke who communicate through approved channels and whose discourse is regulated...The community shares assumptions about what objects are appropriate for examination and discussion, what operating functions are performed on those objects, what constitutes evidence and validity, and what formal conventions are followed. (38-39)It is important to remember that we all are part of various discourse communities throughout our lives (each of which dictates the conventions we follow, the language we use, and the credence we give to what we hear or read).